本篇針對一些學術寫作常出現的不適當的字,在雅思或托福寫作中也應避免。
1. 太過不正式Too informal
學術寫作比一般寫作更正式,因此許多字在英文中
是被視為較口語化的,就不宜出現在學術文章、學術行考試中(如雅思、托福)
A bit
較不正式:The interviews were a bit difficult to schedule.
可改為: The interviews were difficult/somewhat difficult to schedule
A lot of, a couple of
較不正式: A lot of studies
可改為: Many/several/a great number of studies
America
較不正式: A researcher in America
可改為: A researcher in the United States/the US/the USA
Isn’t, can’t, doesn’t, would’ve (or any other contraction)
較不正式: It isn’t…
可改為: It is not
*正式寫作中是不可以使用縮寫的
Kind of, sort of
較不正式: The findings were kind of significant
可改為: The findings were somewhat significant/significant to some degree
Til, till
較不正式: From 2010 till 2017
可改為: From 2010 until/to 2017
You, your
(i.e. the second-person point of view)
較不正式: You can clearly see the results
可改為: One can clearly see the results. 或 The results can clearly be seen
*被動語態是學術寫作中常見的用法唷,可以順利地避免掉第一、或第二人稱的使用。
2. 太不成熟Too unsophisticated
有些字盡量不要使用的原因是因為這些字不像是學者們會使用的字,反而比較像小學生在用的字。另外,片語在學術寫作中也是盡量少用,盡量用單詞。
Bad
較不正式: A bad result
可改為: A poor/negative result
Big, humungous
較不正式: A big sample
可改為: A large/sizable sample
Get
較不正式: This hypothesis gets attention
可改為: This hypothesis receives attention
Give
較不正式: This paragraph gives an overview
可改為: This paragraph provides/offers/presents an overview
Good
較不正式: A good example
可改為: An useful/ A prime example
Show
較不正式: The graph shows
可改為: The graph illustrates/demonstrates/reveals/presents/suggests/indicates
3. 太模糊Too vague
如果使用太模糊或是概括的字,常常會導致讀者不明白你的意思,甚至是有解讀上的錯誤。
Stuff
較不清楚: People are concerned about their stuff
可改為: People are concerned about their belongings, possessions, personal effects
Thing
較不清楚: The report presents many things
可改為: The report presents many details/findings/recommendations
4. 太誇大Too exaggerated
在學術寫作中很重要的一點是有幾分證據說幾分話,因此把內容寫得太飽反而有失中立而且讓你的論點變得沒有說服力,因此適度的調整程度是非常重要的,雖然有時候加入以下的詞也會有正面的效果,但還是要酌量使用。
Always, never 極端的頻率副詞
較不合適: Researchers always argue that
較合適: Researchers (frequently/commonly/ typically) argue that
Perfect, best, worst, most, always, never (or any other superlative) 最高級
較不合適: The perfect solution to the problem
較合適: (An ideal solution/one of the best solutions) to the problem
Very, extremely, really, too, so (or any other intensifier) 強調性副詞
較不合適: This theory is extremely important
較合適: This theory is important/critical/crucial
5. 太主觀Too subjective
有些字是在講個人的主觀意見或是偏見,例如: obvious 明顯的,可是這是很主觀的,可能以你的經驗來說很”明顯”的事,對於其他人來說並不明顯,因此在寫作中必須要避免這樣的寫法,但在一些需要提出主觀意見的時候可以使用這些字(例如: discussion, acknowledgement裡面)。
較合適的寫法其實就是把這些字拿掉,做單純的陳述。
Beautiful, ugly, wonderful, horrible, good, bad 以個人觀感為主軸的形容詞
較不合適: The literature review included many good articles
可改為: The literature review included many articles
*important也常常是一個很不適合的形容詞,所以當你說什麼東西很重要時,你必須要解釋並舉證來說服他人。
e.g. It’s important for us to know the basic rules and taboos of different cultures. 這樣的句子就很不妥,因為你覺得很重要不代表別人也應該覺得很重要,所以要加上原因來說服別人。
e.g. It’s important for us to know the basic rules and taboos of different cultures in case we unconsciously offend the locals.
Naturally
較不合適: The participants naturally wanted to know
可改為: The participants wanted to know
Obviously, of course
較不合適: The results obviously indicate….
可改為: The results indicate…
6. 其他 other tips
其他需要避免的字例如像是: 學名或必須要是內行人才知道的術語、過度使用的字(Clichés)、簡寫或流行用語(e.g. info, fridge, BTW, cops…等)、非中性字(e.g. fireman)
參考資料: 網路
本篇內容皆由Joanna整理編排,請勿任意轉載。
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